Baltimore Oriole At Songbird Prairie

Baltimore Oriole

Bird of Coffee and Chocolate
by Gregory Gough (November 2007)

© Gerhard Hofmann 

The Baltimore oriole is perhaps the most famous neotropical migratory bird. Its brilliant orange and black plumage is reminiscent of the crest of Lord Baltimore, an important figure in Maryland’s history, and the bird has become the mascot of the Baltimore Orioles baseball team.

But our story begins in the tropics, from Mexico to northern South America, where Baltimore orioles spend most of the year. Here they inhabit lush, tropical forests and feed on nectar, pollen, fruit, and insects. They especially favor coffee and cacao (the plant that chocolate comes from) plantations where these crops are grown in the traditional manner, the coffee and cacao shrubs flourishing under a shady canopy of natural forest trees.

Pairs of males and females form flocks of about 10 individuals, although sometimes as many as 30 or 40 are in a single flock. Apart from members of a few warbler species, Baltimore orioles are often the most common migratory bird in these agricultural forests. The birds favor the tops of trees, especially those in the genus Inga, where they forage among the numerous blossoms for nectar and pollen. Orioles have a special tongue, which resembles a brush, for lapping up nectar.

Shade grown coffee plantation, winter habitat of the Baltimore oriole.

By April, most Baltimore orioles have begun the journey north to their breeding grounds in North America, which span most of the eastern United States and into southern Canada. Here they eschew the dense forests that so many other migratory birds favor, instead preferring open forests such as those along rivers and even in city parks.

Females build an unusual grassy hanging nest that is suspended like a sack from the end of a branch. The shape of the nest may help deter predators from eating the eggs or young because the eggs and young are hidden from view and the entrance to the nest is difficult to access. The nest is often built in an elm, sycamore, or cottonwood tree. In the video clip below you can see a nest.

Because these orioles spend much of their time in the tops of trees, they are often heard before they are seen. The male has a lovely warbling song and both males and females utter a variety of chatters and short call notes.

• Listen to an oriole song.

The female lays 4 to 5 eggs in late spring or early summer and incubates them alone. Then, both the male and the female feed the young. Pairs make only one nesting attempt per year. And by August or early September, most orioles are on their way back to the neotropics.

Sometimes orioles can be enticed to visit our backyards.

Oriole at hummingbird feeder (left), and halved banana (right) 

Orioles sometimes visit feeders put out for hummingbirds, and are also attracted to fruit such as bananas and oranges. They are also reputed to eat grape jelly! Please post your tips for attracting orioles to your backyard in the comments section below.

• View references

More about the Baltimore Oriole

• Life History


• Photos (33)

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Songbird Prairie's hummingbirds It's all in the tail

How hummingbirds chirp:

It's all in the tail

Patricia Yollin, Chronicle Staff Writer

Friday, February 8, 2008

Christopher Clark went to Strawberry Canyon in Berkeley and got a bad case of poison oak. Then he tried a shoreline park in Albany, where his camera was stolen and sopping-wet dogs covered his field notes with muddy paw prints.

Those were a few of the hurdles that Clark and colleague Teresa Feo overcame to produce a paper, just published in a prestigious British journal, exploring the physics of how birds make sound.

The title of their UC Berkeley study sums it up: "The Anna's hummingbird chirps with its tail: a new mechanism of sonation in birds." 

Clark and Feo filmed the birds' plunges and recorded the sound they made at the end of their roughly 50 mph descent from a height of 100 feet or more. High-speed video, at 500 frames per second, showed that the birds started their dives with their tails shut and suddenly spread them at the bottom, for one-twentieth of a second - quicker than a blinking eye.

"Now we have a greater understanding of what's actually going on in really sophisticated behavior by one of our residents," said Robert Dudley, a professor of integrative biology at UC Berkeley. "It's a pretty amazing sort of experiment. It took a lot of initiative, and they put in a huge amount of field time."

Clark and Feo concluded that the squeaks and beeps made by the dive-bombing birds are not vocal - as some research has asserted - but instead are created by their tail feathers.

"I found it really interesting just because these birds were basically doing mechanical sounds," said Feo, 22, who played clarinet in the Cal Band for four years. "It sort of speaks to the musician in me."

Clark, who is finishing his Ph.D. in the department of integrative biology, began the project more than three years ago. He eventually acquired a collaborator in Feo, who graduated in May and is working at Cal's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. They had to obtain an array of permits from agencies ranging from the state Department of Fish & Game to the university's Animal Care and Use Committee, which ensures that experiments are done ethically.

In the course of the research, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Clark and Feo encountered many visitors to the Albany Bulb, a former dump that is part of Eastshore State Park.

"We had a lot of people ask what we were doing," said the 28-year-old Clark, who also met up with any number of curious canines.

Before acquiring a car, he and Feo would take a bus to the Albany Bulb, hauling a duffel bag that held a stuffed hummingbird mounted on a stick and a cage they had made from netting and tent poles.

During the November-to-May breeding season, the Cal students devoted up to four hours at a time, two or three days a week, on the male Anna's hummingbird - a magenta-splashed creature that looks like something you'd see in New Orleans during Mardi Gras or in San Francisco's Castro district on Halloween.

Clark and Feo, aided over time by a dozen research assistants, lured the birds into traps, banded them and plucked or trimmed one of their tail feathers, which grow back after about five weeks and are not needed for flight. Then they captured their dives with audio and video equipment.

"It's a great example of aerial acrobatics," said Dudley, who is Clark's graduate adviser. "And what's really interesting is not only the mechanism of the chirp but also the timing. Everything is so beautifully synchronized. The males are using it to advertise to females."

He said it's an occasion where sound, color and movement come together.

"Everyone in the Bay Area can see this in our natural areas and parks," Dudley said. "We see this on campus, remarkably enough."

Clark said that people have known birds make sounds with their feathers since before the time of Charles Darwin, who wrote about it in his 1871 book, "The Descent of Man." However, the physics of how non-vocal sounds are created hasn't received much attention until recently, he said.

"The first year, I got basically no data," Clark said. "I was figuring out how to do it."

After he contracted poison oak in the thick brush of Strawberry Canyon, he relocated to the Albany Bulb because the trees and bushes are short, the birds perch at eye level, and they stand out against the blue sky, making them easier to photograph.

"There were other issues with the Bulb," said Clark, recalling how he fell flat on his face chasing someone who had purloined his camera. It was all recorded.

"You can hear the crash of me hitting the bush," said the researcher, who succeeded in catching the thief.

Clark and Feo employed dead birds from the Lindsay Museum in Walnut Creek and live caged birds to lure the male Anna's hummingbird. The work was slowed by wind, rain and avian confusion.

"A big part of the project was sitting and waiting," Clark said. "There were short moments when it was exciting."

The researchers relied on several cameras, including a $50,000 model. They produced sounds from the feathers they'd collected by placing them in front of a jet of air or inside a wind tunnel. They decided, after painstakingly analyzing the male bird's tail feathers - 10 total, five on each side - that the chirping sound comes from the fluttering of part of the inside edge of the outer feathers.

Clark, a bird-watcher since high school, said he likes to work with hummingbirds because they are common and easy to catch.

"If I didn't study birds, I'd probably study something else that flies," he said. "Flight fascinates me. I'm jealous - I wish I could fly."

Local ornithologists and bird-watchers have long debated the source of the sound made by the diving male Anna's hummingbird.

In the 1940s, a UC Berkeley graduate student stated in a published paper that he could produce sound by attaching one of the creature's feathers to a strip of bamboo and whipping it through the air. However, a 1979 paper by the curator of birds at the California Academy of Sciences declared that the sound was vocal. Almost 30 years later, Clark and Feo have countered that argument.

"They're fascinating little creatures," Clark said. "And even though the landscape at the Albany Bulb seems kind of devastated, there's interesting research to do in your own backyard."

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